سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی دانشگاه دامغان

شاهرخی, سیدوحید. (1401). کانی‌شناسی، زمین‌شیمی و چگونگی تشکیل منگنز تملیه (شمال‌غرب سلسله-استان لرستان). مجله زمین شیمی ایران, 30(2), 239-252. doi: 10.52547/ijcm.30.2.239
سیدوحید شاهرخی. "کانی‌شناسی، زمین‌شیمی و چگونگی تشکیل منگنز تملیه (شمال‌غرب سلسله-استان لرستان)". مجله زمین شیمی ایران, 30, 2, 1401, 239-252. doi: 10.52547/ijcm.30.2.239
شاهرخی, سیدوحید. (1401). 'کانی‌شناسی، زمین‌شیمی و چگونگی تشکیل منگنز تملیه (شمال‌غرب سلسله-استان لرستان)', مجله زمین شیمی ایران, 30(2), pp. 239-252. doi: 10.52547/ijcm.30.2.239
شاهرخی, سیدوحید. کانی‌شناسی، زمین‌شیمی و چگونگی تشکیل منگنز تملیه (شمال‌غرب سلسله-استان لرستان). مجله زمین شیمی ایران, 1401; 30(2): 239-252. doi: 10.52547/ijcm.30.2.239

کانی‌شناسی، زمین‌شیمی و چگونگی تشکیل منگنز تملیه (شمال‌غرب سلسله-استان لرستان)

مجله بلورشناسی و کانی شناسی ایران
مقاله 4، دوره 30، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 86، تیر 1401، صفحه 239-252    اصل مقاله (7.49 M)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.52547/ijcm.30.2.239
نویسنده
سیدوحید شاهرخی*
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی
چکیده
تملیه در 20 کیلومتری شمال‌غرب شهرستان سلسله (استان لرستان) واقع ‌است. از دیدگاه زمین‌شناسی منطقه‌ای، این منطقه در مجموعه رادیولاریتی هرسین قرار دارد. ترکیب سنگ‌شناسی مجموعه دربرگیرنده شامل رادیولاریت، پریدوتیت، گابرو، دایک‌های صفحه‌ای، بازالت، آندزیت، آهک و مرمر است. کانی‌سازی منگنز به شکل رگه-رگچه‌ای و بیشتر درون گسل‌ها، درزه‌ها و شکستگی‌های رادیولاریت‌ها رخ داده است. بر اساس بررسی­های کانی‌شناسی، همبرزایی منگنز شامل کانی‌های پیرولوسیت، پسیلوملان، تودوروکیت، کریپتوملان، لپیدوکروزیت، و اکسید-هیدروکسیدهای منگنز(هوسمانیت، هیدروهوسمانیت، مانگانیت) است. کلسیت و کوارتز مهم‌ترین کانی‌های باطله هستند. برپایه داده‌های زمین­شیمیایی عناصر اصلی و کمیاب کانسنگ، نمودارهای تفکیک کننده مختلف و نسبت‌های عنصری، تطابق خوبی بین منطقه منگنزدار تملیه با کانسارهای گرمابی وجود دارد. از سوی دیگر، محاسبه نسبت‌های مختلف عنصری چون Mn/Fe (با میانگین 92/0)، Ti/Al (با میانگین 01/0)، Co/Ni (با میانگین 97/0)، Co/Zn (با میانگین 28/0)، U/Th (با میانگین 73/0)، La/Ce (با میانگین 32/0)،  عناصر خاکی نادر سبک به سنگین (LREE/HREE، با میانگین 64/8) و مجموع عناصر خاکی نادر (ΣREE، با میانگین 53/56) نشان‌دهنده گرمابی بودن ذخیره منگنز تملیه است.  مقایسه الگوی بهنجارشده عناصر خاکی نادر کانسنگ منگنز تملیه با دیگر کانسارهای منگنز جهان بیانگر خاستگاه گرمابی این کانسار است. الگوی توزیع عناصر خاکی نادر بهنجار شده کندریت نشان‌دهنده بی‌هنجاری مثبت Ce با میانگین 5/24 و بی‌هنجاری منفی Eu با 54/0 است که به روشنی با نهشته‌های گرمابی منگنز همخوانی دارد. به این ترتیب، سیال­های کانه‌ساز می‌توانند از آب­های سطحی و یا ماگمائی شکل گرفته باشند و با ضمن چرخش در سنگ‌های آتشفشانی، منگنز و سایر فلزها را با خود حمل نموده و طی بالا رفتن از مناطق مناسب موجب نهشته‌شدن منگنز در  گسل‌ها و شکستگی­های عمده شوند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
زمین‌شیمی؛ گرمابی؛ عناصر خاکی نادر؛ منگنز؛ رادیولاریت؛ تملیه
مراجع
  1. [1] Stumm W., Morgan J.J., "Aquatic Chemistry", 3rd ed. J. Wiley and Sons, New York. 1996
  2. [1] Stumm W., Morgan J.J., "Aquatic Chemistry", 3rd ed. J. Wiley and Sons, New York. 1996
  3. [2] Anschutz P., Dedieu K., Desmazes F., Chaillou G., "Speciation, oxidation state, and reactivity of particulate manganese in marine sediments" Chem. Geol. 218 (2005) 265-327. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.01.008]
  4. [2] Anschutz P., Dedieu K., Desmazes F., Chaillou G., "Speciation, oxidation state, and reactivity of particulate manganese in marine sediments" Chem. Geol. 218 (2005) 265-327. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.01.008]
  5. [3] Oksuz N., "Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun- Yozgat) manganese deposits, Turkey", J Rare Earth 29 (2011) 87-296. [DOI:10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60446-2]
  6. [3] Oksuz N., "Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun- Yozgat) manganese deposits, Turkey", J Rare Earth 29 (2011) 87-296. [DOI:10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60446-2]
  7. [4] Polgari M., Hein J. R., Vigh T., Szabo-Drubina M., Forizs I., Biro L., Muller A., Toth A. L., "Microbial processes and the origin of the Urkut manganese deposit, Hungary", Ore Geol Rev 47 (2012) 87-109. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.10.001]
  8. [4] Polgari M., Hein J. R., Vigh T., Szabo-Drubina M., Forizs I., Biro L., Muller A., Toth A. L., "Microbial processes and the origin of the Urkut manganese deposit, Hungary", Ore Geol Rev 47 (2012) 87-109. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.10.001]
  9. [5] Ingram B. L., Hein J.R., Farmer G.L., "Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes", Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 (1990) 1709-1721. [DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90402-7]
  10. [5] Ingram B. L., Hein J.R., Farmer G.L., "Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes", Geochim Cosmochim Acta 54 (1990) 1709-1721. [DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90402-7]
  11. [6]Hein J. R., Koschinsky A., Halbach P., Manheim F. T., Bau Kang, J. K., Lubick N., "Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific", In: Nicholson K, Hein JR, Buhn B, Desgupta S (eds) Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits 119 (1997) 123-138. [DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.09]
  12. [6]Hein J. R., Koschinsky A., Halbach P., Manheim F. T., Bau Kang, J. K., Lubick N., "Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific", In: Nicholson K, Hein JR, Buhn B, Desgupta S (eds) Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits 119 (1997) 123-138. [DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.09]
  13. [7] Toth J. R., "Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron", Geological Society of America Bulletin 91 (1980) 44-54.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2]
  14. [7] Toth J. R., "Deposition of submarine crusts rich in manganese and iron", Geological Society of America Bulletin 91 (1980) 44-54.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2]
  15. [8] Usui A., Someya M., "Distribution composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific", In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J. R., Bohn, B., Dasgupta, S., (Eds), Manganese Mineralization: Geological Society Publication 119 (1997) 177-198. [DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.12]
  16. [8] Usui A., Someya M., "Distribution composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific", In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J. R., Bohn, B., Dasgupta, S., (Eds), Manganese Mineralization: Geological Society Publication 119 (1997) 177-198. [DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.12]
  17. [9] Berthier A.F., Billiault J.P., Halbronn B., Maurizot P., Sahandi M.R., Jafarian M.B., Hajmollaali A., Soheili m., "Geological map of 1/250000 Khorramabad", (1992) Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran.
  18. [9] Berthier A.F., Billiault J.P., Halbronn B., Maurizot P., Sahandi M.R., Jafarian M.B., Hajmollaali A., Soheili m., "Geological map of 1/250000 Khorramabad", (1992) Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran.
  19. [10] Mohajjel M., Sahandi M.R., "Tectonic evolution of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone", Scientific Quarterly journal Geosience, 31-32(2001) 28-49.
  20. [10] Mohajjel M., Sahandi M.R., "Tectonic evolution of Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone", Scientific Quarterly journal Geosience, 31-32(2001) 28-49.
  21. [11] Valipour A., Ahmadikhalaji A., Rasa I., Shahrokhi S.V., Kiani M., "Petrography and geochemistry of nickel found in ophiolite Prydvtythay Noorabad (North West Lorestan)" 5th Geology specialized conference, Payamenoor Univesity of Abhar (2011).
  22. [11] Valipour A., Ahmadikhalaji A., Rasa I., Shahrokhi S.V., Kiani M., "Petrography and geochemistry of nickel found in ophiolite Prydvtythay Noorabad (North West Lorestan)" 5th Geology specialized conference, Payamenoor Univesity of Abhar (2011).
  23. [12] Elyaszadeh, R., Mohajjel, M., "Structural Style of High Zagros Zone Based on Thrust Fault System in Southeast Kermanshah", Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience, 78 (2011) 61-68.
  24. [12] Elyaszadeh, R., Mohajjel, M., "Structural Style of High Zagros Zone Based on Thrust Fault System in Southeast Kermanshah", Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience, 78 (2011) 61-68.
  25. [13] Mohajjel, M., Biralvand, "Folding Style in Kermanshah Radiolarites and its Significance in Collision Tectonic of Northwest Iran", Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience, 75 (2010) 75-82.
  26. [13] Mohajjel, M., Biralvand, "Folding Style in Kermanshah Radiolarites and its Significance in Collision Tectonic of Northwest Iran", Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience, 75 (2010) 75-82.
  27. [14] Abdi, A., Mahmudy Gharaei, M.H., Kariminia, M., Karimi Bavandpur, A., Mohajjel, M., "Ichnofacies Analysis of Kermanshah Radiolarites for the Review of the Sedimentary Environment", Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience, 95 (2015) 206-116.
  28. [14] Abdi, A., Mahmudy Gharaei, M.H., Kariminia, M., Karimi Bavandpur, A., Mohajjel, M., "Ichnofacies Analysis of Kermanshah Radiolarites for the Review of the Sedimentary Environment", Scientific Quarterly Journal Seoscience, 95 (2015) 206-116.
  29. [15] Stocklin, J., Setudehnia, A., "Startigraphic Lexicon of Iran", Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, 18 (1971) 376 p.
  30. [15] Stocklin, J., Setudehnia, A., "Startigraphic Lexicon of Iran", Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, 18 (1971) 376 p.
  31. [16] Shahidi, A., Nazari, H., "Geological map of Harsine (1/100,000)", Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, (1995).
  32. [16] Shahidi, A., Nazari, H., "Geological map of Harsine (1/100,000)", Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, (1995).
  33. [17] Zarasvandi, A.R., Pourkaseb, H., Sepahvand, M., "Geochemistry and Genesis of the Sorkhvand manganese deposit, Harsin, Kermanshah province" 33th national geoscience symposium, Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, (2014).
  34. [17] Zarasvandi, A.R., Pourkaseb, H., Sepahvand, M., "Geochemistry and Genesis of the Sorkhvand manganese deposit, Harsin, Kermanshah province" 33th national geoscience symposium, Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, (2014).
  35. [18] Zareisahamieh, R., Tabakhshabani, A.A., Shahrokhi, S.V., Barak, N., "Geochemistry and mineral chemistry of Shahabad gabbroic intrusion, NW Nourabad, Lorestan province", Journal of Economic Geology 5(2) (2014) 291-305
  36. [18] Zareisahamieh, R., Tabakhshabani, A.A., Shahrokhi, S.V., Barak, N., "Geochemistry and mineral chemistry of Shahabad gabbroic intrusion, NW Nourabad, Lorestan province", Journal of Economic Geology 5(2) (2014) 291-305
  37. [19] Kiani, M., Ahmadikhlaji, A., Shahrokhi,S.V., Rasa, I., Panahi, A., Petrological and geochemical evidence of basalts in ophyolite of Kermanshah based on magma in suprasubduction environment(SSZ), 2th conference of earth science, Islamic Azad University, Ashtian Branch, (2011)
  38. [19] Kiani, M., Ahmadikhlaji, A., Shahrokhi,S.V., Rasa, I., Panahi, A., Petrological and geochemical evidence of basalts in ophyolite of Kermanshah based on magma in suprasubduction environment(SSZ), 2th conference of earth science, Islamic Azad University, Ashtian Branch, (2011)
  39. [20] Broud J., "La satured du Zagros an nivea du Kermanshah (KurdistanIranian):reconstituation pa
  40. [20] Broud J., "La satured du Zagros an nivea du Kermanshah (KurdistanIranian):reconstituation pa
  41. leographique evolution geodynamique magmatique etstructural", Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, (1989).
  42. leographique evolution geodynamique magmatique etstructural", Geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran, (1989).
  43. [21] Ricou L.E., "Evolution structural des Zagrides, La region clef de Neyriz(Zagros Iranien)", Memories de la Societe Geologique de France, Nouvelle Serie-Tome, 125 (1976) 1-140
  44. [21] Ricou L.E., "Evolution structural des Zagrides, La region clef de Neyriz(Zagros Iranien)", Memories de la Societe Geologique de France, Nouvelle Serie-Tome, 125 (1976) 1-140
  45. [22] Rajabzadeh M.A., Nazari-Dehkordi, T., "Investigation on mantle peridotites from Neyriz ophiolite, south of Iran: Geodynamic signals", 6 (2013) 4445-4461. [DOI:10.1007/s12517-012-0687-2]
  46. [22] Rajabzadeh M.A., Nazari-Dehkordi, T., "Investigation on mantle peridotites from Neyriz ophiolite, south of Iran: Geodynamic signals", 6 (2013) 4445-4461. [DOI:10.1007/s12517-012-0687-2]
  47. [23] Zarasvandi, A.R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., "Geochemistry of nodulous and Mn-Layer in Nasirabad, N Neyriz 16th conference of geological survey of Iran", 16th conference of geological survey of Iran, (2013)
  48. [23] Zarasvandi, A.R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., "Geochemistry of nodulous and Mn-Layer in Nasirabad, N Neyriz 16th conference of geological survey of Iran", 16th conference of geological survey of Iran, (2013)
  49. [24] Zarasvandi, A.R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., "Investigation on primary and secondary processes in Nasirabad manganese deposit, south of Neyriz: using mineralogy and Pb isotope geochemistry" Journal of Economic Geology, 5(1) (2013) 37-47
  50. [24] Zarasvandi, A.R., Rezaei, M., Pourkaseb, H., Saki, A., "Investigation on primary and secondary processes in Nasirabad manganese deposit, south of Neyriz: using mineralogy and Pb isotope geochemistry" Journal of Economic Geology, 5(1) (2013) 37-47
  51. [25] Moghaddasi, S.J., Negahban, Y.,"Study of mineralogy and geochemistry of manganese ore and host rocks of the Robat KarimManganese deposit, southwest Tehran", Scientific Quarterly journal Geosience, 83(2012) 67-76.
  52. [25] Moghaddasi, S.J., Negahban, Y.,"Study of mineralogy and geochemistry of manganese ore and host rocks of the Robat KarimManganese deposit, southwest Tehran", Scientific Quarterly journal Geosience, 83(2012) 67-76.
  53. [26] Folk, R.L., 1962, "Spectral Subdivision of Limestone Types, In: W.E. Ham(Editor), Classification of Carbonate Rocks", Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, Tulsa, Okla., (1962) 62-84.
  54. [26] Folk, R.L., 1962, "Spectral Subdivision of Limestone Types, In: W.E. Ham(Editor), Classification of Carbonate Rocks", Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, Tulsa, Okla., (1962) 62-84.
  55. [27] Dunham, R.J., 1962, "Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture, In: W.E. Ham(Editor), Classification of Carbonate Rocks", Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, Tulsa, Okla., (1962) 108-121. [DOI:10.1306/M1357]
  56. [27] Dunham, R.J., 1962, "Classification of Carbonate Rocks According to Depositional Texture, In: W.E. Ham(Editor), Classification of Carbonate Rocks", Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geologists, Tulsa, Okla., (1962) 108-121. [DOI:10.1306/M1357]
  57. [28] Adames.A.A., Machenzie, W.S., Gukiford, C., "Atlas of Sedimentary Rocks under the Microscope", English language book society/longman, (1984) 104 p.
  58. [28] Adames.A.A., Machenzie, W.S., Gukiford, C., "Atlas of Sedimentary Rocks under the Microscope", English language book society/longman, (1984) 104 p.
  59. [29] Ahmadi, M., Petrological study of basalt assemblages in Kamyaran, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of science, Tehran University, (2001), 205 p.
  60. [29] Ahmadi, M., Petrological study of basalt assemblages in Kamyaran, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of science, Tehran University, (2001), 205 p.
  61. [30] Zarasvandi A., Lentz D., Rezaei M., Pourkaseb H., "Genesis of the Nasirabad manganese occurrence, Fars province, Iran: geochemical evidences", Chem Erde-Geochem 73 (2013) 495-508. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemer.2013.02.003]
  62. [30] Zarasvandi A., Lentz D., Rezaei M., Pourkaseb H., "Genesis of the Nasirabad manganese occurrence, Fars province, Iran: geochemical evidences", Chem Erde-Geochem 73 (2013) 495-508. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemer.2013.02.003]
  63. [31] Karakus A., Yavuz B., Koc S., "Mineralogy and major-trace element geochemistry of the Haymana manganese mineralizations, Ankara, Turkey", Geochem Int 48 (2010) 1014-1027. [DOI:10.1134/S001670291010006X]
  64. [31] Karakus A., Yavuz B., Koc S., "Mineralogy and major-trace element geochemistry of the Haymana manganese mineralizations, Ankara, Turkey", Geochem Int 48 (2010) 1014-1027. [DOI:10.1134/S001670291010006X]
  65. [32] Fitzgerald, C.E., Gillis, K.M., "Hydrothermal Manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean", Marine Geology 89 (2005) 1-18. [DOI:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.005]
  66. [32] Fitzgerald, C.E., Gillis, K.M., "Hydrothermal Manganese oxide deposits from Baby Bare seamount in the Northeast Pacific Ocean", Marine Geology 89 (2005) 1-18. [DOI:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.005]
  67. [33] Choi, J. H., Hariya, Y., "Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in Tokoro belt, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan", Econ. Geol. 87(1992) 1265-1274. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1265]
  68. [33] Choi, J. H., Hariya, Y., "Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in Tokoro belt, northeastern Hokkaido, Japan", Econ. Geol. 87(1992) 1265-1274. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1265]
  69. [34] Nicholson, K., "Contrasting mineralogical geochemical signatures of manganese oxide: Guides to metallogenesis", Economic Geology 87 (1992) 1253-1264. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1253]
  70. [34] Nicholson, K., "Contrasting mineralogical geochemical signatures of manganese oxide: Guides to metallogenesis", Economic Geology 87 (1992) 1253-1264. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1253]
  71. [35] Munteanu, M., Marincea, S., Kasper, H.U., Zak, K., Alexe, V., Trandafir, V., Saptefrati, G., and Mihalache, A., "Black chert-hosted manganese deposits from the Bistritei Mountains, Eastern Carpathians (Romania): petrography, genesis and metamorphic evolution", Ore Geology Reviews, 24 (2004) 45-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.004]
  72. [35] Munteanu, M., Marincea, S., Kasper, H.U., Zak, K., Alexe, V., Trandafir, V., Saptefrati, G., and Mihalache, A., "Black chert-hosted manganese deposits from the Bistritei Mountains, Eastern Carpathians (Romania): petrography, genesis and metamorphic evolution", Ore Geology Reviews, 24 (2004) 45-65. [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2003.08.004]
  73. [36] Jach. R., Dudek, T., "Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krížna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland", Chem. Geol. 224 (2005) 136-152. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.018]
  74. [36] Jach. R., Dudek, T., "Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krížna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland", Chem. Geol. 224 (2005) 136-152. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.018]
  75. [37] Flohr, J.K. Marta, M., "Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese Deposit north Carolina", Economic Geology 78(1992) 2023-2040 [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.2023]
  76. [37] Flohr, J.K. Marta, M., "Geochemistry and origin of the Bald Knob manganese Deposit north Carolina", Economic Geology 78(1992) 2023-2040 [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.8.2023]
  77. [38] Sabatino N., Neri R., Bellanca A., Jenkyns H. C., Masetti D., Scopelliti D., "Petrography and high_resolution geochemical records of Lower Jurassic manganese rich deposits from Monte Mangart, Julian Alps", Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 299 (2011) 97-109. [DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.039]
  78. [38] Sabatino N., Neri R., Bellanca A., Jenkyns H. C., Masetti D., Scopelliti D., "Petrography and high_resolution geochemical records of Lower Jurassic manganese rich deposits from Monte Mangart, Julian Alps", Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 299 (2011) 97-109. [DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.039]
  79. [39] Shah, M.T., Moon, C., "Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the ferromanganese ore from the Hazara area, NW Himalayas, northern Pakistan", journal of Asian Earth Science, 23(2004) 1-15 [DOI:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00099-3]
  80. [39] Shah, M.T., Moon, C., "Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the ferromanganese ore from the Hazara area, NW Himalayas, northern Pakistan", journal of Asian Earth Science, 23(2004) 1-15 [DOI:10.1016/S1367-9120(03)00099-3]
  81. [40] Toth, J.R., "Deposition of Submarine cherts rich in manganese and iron", Geol. Soc.of Am. Bull., 91(1980) 44-54.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2]
  82. [40] Toth, J.R., "Deposition of Submarine cherts rich in manganese and iron", Geol. Soc.of Am. Bull., 91(1980) 44-54.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(1980)912.0.CO;2]
  83. [41] Sasmaz. A., Türkyilmaz. B., Öztürk., Yavuz. F., Kumral.M., "Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ-Malatya region, eastern Turkey", Ore. Geol. Rev., 36(2014) 357-372 [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.012]
  84. [41] Sasmaz. A., Türkyilmaz. B., Öztürk., Yavuz. F., Kumral.M., "Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazığ-Malatya region, eastern Turkey", Ore. Geol. Rev., 36(2014) 357-372 [DOI:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.012]
  85. [42] Roy, S., "Environments and Processes of Manganese Deposition", Economic Geology, 87(1992) 1213-1236 [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1218]
  86. [42] Roy, S., "Environments and Processes of Manganese Deposition", Economic Geology, 87(1992) 1213-1236 [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1218]
  87. [43] Sugisaki, R., "Relation between Chemical Composition and Sedimentation Rate of Chemical Constraints of depositional Environments of Ancient Sediments", Journal of Geology, 92 (1984) 235-259 [DOI:10.1086/628858]
  88. [43] Sugisaki, R., "Relation between Chemical Composition and Sedimentation Rate of Chemical Constraints of depositional Environments of Ancient Sediments", Journal of Geology, 92 (1984) 235-259 [DOI:10.1086/628858]
  89. [44] Maynard J. B., "The chemistry of manganese ores through time: a signal of increasing diversity of earth-surface environments", Econ Geol 105 (2010) 535-552. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.535]
  90. [44] Maynard J. B., "The chemistry of manganese ores through time: a signal of increasing diversity of earth-surface environments", Econ Geol 105 (2010) 535-552. [DOI:10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.535]
  91. [45] Rona P., Bostrom K., Laubier L., Smith K., "Hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreading centers", Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division (1983) 796 p. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4899-0402-7]
  92. [45] Rona P., Bostrom K., Laubier L., Smith K., "Hydrothermal processes at sea floor spreading centers", Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division (1983) 796 p. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4899-0402-7]
  93. [46] Glasby G. P., "Manganese: predominant role of nodules and crust", In: H.D. Schulz and M.Z. Zabel (Editors), Marine Geochemistry. Springer- Verlag, Berlin (2000) 335-372. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-04242-7_11]
  94. [46] Glasby G. P., "Manganese: predominant role of nodules and crust", In: H.D. Schulz and M.Z. Zabel (Editors), Marine Geochemistry. Springer- Verlag, Berlin (2000) 335-372. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-04242-7_11]
  95. [47] Bonatti E., Zerbi M., Kay R., Rydell H., "Metalliferous deposit from the Apennine ophiolites: Mesozoic equivalents of modern deposits from oceanic spreading center", Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 (1976) 83-94.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)872.0.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(1976)872.0.CO;2]
  96. [47] Bonatti E., Zerbi M., Kay R., Rydell H., "Metalliferous deposit from the Apennine ophiolites: Mesozoic equivalents of modern deposits from oceanic spreading center", Geological Society of America Bulletin 87 (1976) 83-94.

    https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1976)872.0.CO;2 [DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(1976)872.0.CO;2]
  97. [48] Heshmatbehzadi K., Shahabpour J., "Metallogeny of manganese and ferro manganese ores in Baft ophiolitic Mélange, Kerman, Iran", Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(2) (2010) 02-313.
  98. [48] Heshmatbehzadi K., Shahabpour J., "Metallogeny of manganese and ferro manganese ores in Baft ophiolitic Mélange, Kerman, Iran", Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(2) (2010) 02-313.
  99. [49] Sun. S, McDonough W. F., "Chemical and isotopic systematicsof oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M.J., (Eds.). Magmatism in Ocean Basins", Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., London, 1989, 313. [DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19]
  100. [49] Sun. S, McDonough W. F., "Chemical and isotopic systematicsof oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A D, Norry M.J., (Eds.). Magmatism in Ocean Basins", Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., London, 1989, 313. [DOI:10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19]
  101. [50] Elderfield, H., Greaves, M. J., "Negative Cerium anomalies in the rare earth element patterns of oceanic ferromanganese nodules", Earthplanet.Sci. Let. 55(1981) 163-170. [DOI:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90095-9]
  102. [50] Elderfield, H., Greaves, M. J., "Negative Cerium anomalies in the rare earth element patterns of oceanic ferromanganese nodules", Earthplanet.Sci. Let. 55(1981) 163-170. [DOI:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90095-9]
  103. [51] Haskin, L.A., Frey, F.A., Schmitt, R., Smith, R.H., "Meteoritic, solarand terrestrial rare earth distributions", Physics Chemistry Earth 7(1966) 167-321 [DOI:10.1016/0079-1946(66)90004-8]
  104. [51] Haskin, L.A., Frey, F.A., Schmitt, R., Smith, R.H., "Meteoritic, solarand terrestrial rare earth distributions", Physics Chemistry Earth 7(1966) 167-321 [DOI:10.1016/0079-1946(66)90004-8]
  105. [52] Ruhlin, D.E., Owen, R.M., "The rare earth element geochemistry of hydro-thermal sediments from the East PacificRise: examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism", Geochim.Casmochim. Acta 50(1986) 393-400 [DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90192-4]
  106. [52] Ruhlin, D.E., Owen, R.M., "The rare earth element geochemistry of hydro-thermal sediments from the East PacificRise: examination of a seawater scavenging mechanism", Geochim.Casmochim. Acta 50(1986) 393-400 [DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(86)90192-4]
  107. [53] Meschede, M. "A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram", Chemical. Geology 56(1986) 207-218. [DOI:10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5]
  108. [53] Meschede, M. "A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram", Chemical. Geology 56(1986) 207-218. [DOI:10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5]
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 365
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 280